Madness in One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest and Hamlet...

The issue of madness has been touched by many writers. In this paper I will focus on two important writings which deal directly with the mental illnesses. The first one is One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest by Ken Kesey first published in 1962. The second is Hamlet written by Shakespeare approximately in 1602. Ken Kesey worked nights in a mental institution in California and his novel has a lot of truth in it. He faced patients insanity every day and was confident that it was natural response to the overall madness of the corporate America. Shakespeare on the contrary, focused on the completely opposite side of the mental madness: through Hamlet he wanted to show that in degree of publicity mental disorders can harm observers.†¦show more content†¦His attitude to each of them is easy to guess: for example, he talks about electroshock therapy as a mean of punishment rather then treatment. As I already mentioned above, the novel One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest deals with the mental diseases directly, talks about what and how ill people feel, about their treatment and possible consequences. Shakespeare only slightly touches these issues in Hamlet. He does not go so deep into details and talks more about the relationships among people and how mental disorders influence these relationships. The revenge is a central issue in the play Hamlet and all problems, including insanity of both Hamlet and Ophelia, seem to be a result of it. Hamlet is a play of unanswered questions (Partridge 22). The reader remains wondering whether the host is friendly or evil, did Ophelia commit suicide or it an accident. Hamlet as a character is very difficult to understand. His insanity is hard to explain. Sigmund Freud viewed madness of Hamlet in terms of an Oedipus complex (a sexual desire towards his mother). His insane wish to kill his father, his uncle who has taken the place of the father is because of this sexual desire. Polonius attributes Hamlets madness through his rejection by Ophelia. Hamlet suffers from his strong ambition to succeed his father on the throne of Denmark. Reader doubts, however, his madness. Hamlet claims to be pretending being mad, ClaudiusShow MoreRelatedOne Who Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest Comparison to Hamlet583 Words   |  2 PagesMadness, Power, Rebellion, and Conformity are some of the many themes that prevail in Ken Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest and Hamlet both express similar messages of sanity vs. insanity, control, and compliance through their characters. There is a thin line between normal and abnormal as depicted in Keseys and Shakespeares work. One must ponder the question; is McMurphy mentally ill or is he just a schemer rebelling? The doctor commented, ...Dont overlook the possibility that this man

Analysis Swot Tows and Financial Herman Miller Free Essays

Financial Ratios and Analysis of Herman Miller Liquidity Ratios Liquidity ratios for a company help whomever is analyzing the data determine the company’s liquidity. When a company has good liquidity they are able to pay off their short term debt without having to take out any additional financing. We will look at Herman Miller’s current ratio for 2009 and 2010. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis Swot Tows and Financial Herman Miller or any similar topic only for you Order Now The current ratio is calculated by taking the company’s current assets and dividing it by the current liabilities. It shows how many times the current assets can cover the current liabilities. 2009 current ratio | 2010 current ratio | 50. 9/282. 2= 1. 597| 394. 7/313= 1. 261| Herman miller’s current ratio in 2009 of 1. 597 shows they have approximately $1. 60 of current assets to ever $1. 00 in current liabilities. In 2010 they had $1. 26 of current assets to ever $1. 00 of current liabilities. This is a bit of a drop from 2009 to 2010. With the ideal point for the current ratio being above 1. 0; Herman Miller can cover their short term debt without any financing but, the ratio is still mediocre. Debt Management Ratios Debt management ratios show to what extent a company uses borrowed funds to finance its operations. These ratios are important to a company because creditors use them to determine the riskiness of the company’s financial position. Using the debt ratio we can determine how much of Herman Miller’s assets are provided through debt. The debt ratio is found by taking the company’s total debt and dividing it by the total assets of the company. Here is the debt ratio for 2009 and 2010 Debt Ratio 2009| Debt Ratio 2010| 759. 3/767. 3= . 99| 690. 5/770. 6= . 896| From the debt ratio we can tell that Herman Miller has nearly as much debt as assets in 2009. This could shy away some creditors. In 2010 they improved y about 10% which really helps their potential ability to gain more financing from creditors. With ideal ratio being below 1 Herman Miller is ok here but far from good. Profitability Ratios Profitability ratios are used to determine how profitable a company is during a specific period of time. These ratios are important because most investors will look at them when deciding whether or not to take stake in your company. High profitability shows that your company is strong financially, and, can also show that your company is growing. We will look at the return on assets ratio for Herman Miller. The ROA is found by taking the net income and dividing it by the total assets of the company. The ROA shows how well a company can turn the money it has to invest into net income. Here is the Herman Miller’s ROA for 2009 and 2010 ROA 2009 | ROA 2010 | 68. 0/767. 3= 8. 86%| 28. 3/770. 6= 3. 67%| Herman Miller has pretty good ROA considering the industry they are in. according to statistics posted by Fortune 500 on money. cnn. com Herman miller was one of the few profitable companies in their industry with many of the top competitors losing money from 2007-2009. So looking at the industry this is a strong ROA. http://money. cnn. com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2009/industries/216/index. html) SWOT Analysis Strength The first strength we will talk about is that Herman Miller is a profitable organization. In the two years that we looked at (2009 2010) Herman Miller had a positive ROA. This shows that even during the harsh economic times in the United States over the last four years Herman Miller has managed to make a profit where a lot of their competition struggled. Another strength that Herman Miller has is its management. The best example of this being a strength is the fact that Herman Millers top executives are illing to take pay cuts before the general workforce in 2009 they took a 10% cut in January and another 10% in march when they cut all other employees 10%. Showing your workforce that you are willing to make the sacrifices to stay employed before they bottom of the totem pole makes the employees feel appreciated and more willing to go along with a pay cut when necessary. The third strength we recognized is that Herman Miller creates an empowered and positive workforce. Employees at H erman Miller feel empowered they have no problem telling a supervisor that they are breaking the rules and also feel like they can make some decisions. Empowering your workforce even just a little boosts morale and makes workers feel like they are important to the company. This in The last strength we will mention is Herman Miller’s production. Herman Miller implements the process of lean manufacturing. They call their process the â€Å"Herman Miller Performance System†. They maintain efficiencies and cost savings by minimizing the amount of inventory on hand by using â€Å"just in time† inventory process in the case they mention that some suppliers deliver to Herman Miller multiple times daily. Weaknesses The first weakness would be how close their debt ratio is to 1. Having such high debt ratio could chase away creditors. When you have a small amount of creditors to choose from then you lose the power to choose between different creditors depending on interest rates and other variables. This could greatly increase things like interest expense. Another weakness Herman Miller might have is also a strength. The manufacturing strategy and using just in time inventory can be very efficient but, it can sometimes create problems. If a supplier ran out of material or some other type of crisis could cause Herman Miller to lose out on orders and in relation lose out on sales. The third weakness is their participative management style. Although this could be considered a strength if this style isn’t used appropriately it could affect the company in a bad way. If managers take too much time making decisions because they want to have their employees participate in all decisions then it is extremely difficult to make the quick decision when needed. Sometimes in business managers need to make this quick decision and, with participative management if made fully participative some employees may feel different emotions about a decision being made without them knowing it was being made. The last weakness is they are in somewhat of a specialty market during a harsh economy. Being the manufacturer of high end office furniture during a recession is a big weakness when it comes to growth. Not many consumers are looking for high end products right now although they are still profitable with the strategy they have it could take a serious downturn if things were to get worse. Opportunities One opportunity that Herman Miller has is to become totally green. This means having next to no waste and using renewable resources. Herman miller has been working a little bit towards this in the past years. With the demand of environmentally friendly products on the rise this would open up the opportunity to break into and dominate a new market segment. Another opportunity is the increased amount of time spent by people in front of their computers. This is an opportunity because it opens up the idea of making ergonomically superior office furniture that would make the consumers time in front of their computer more comfortable and reduce the risk of injury. The third opportunity is the growth in the Mexican economy. With the Mexican economy rapidly growing this opens up a whole new country that Herman Miller could potentially do business in. the possibility of a whole new demographic of customers along with the possibility of opening a new location. The last opportunity Is the rising demand of senior housing in the United States. The baby boomers are getting older every year and with senior housing overflowing all over the US there will be more housing opening. These housing centers will need office furniture along with household furniture to furnish the units. Threats The first threat we will mention is the rise in telecommuting. With more and more people and business using telecommuting the demand for office furniture will see a hit. This could potentially hurt the sales for Herman Miller. Another threat is the possibility of new entrants in the market from overseas. Having international competitors enter the market can really hurt Herman Miller because of their ability to obtain low cost material while still creating a quality product. The third threat is the possibility of another economic downturn. With the economy on the downside right now Herman Miller is remaining profitable but would they be able to take an even harsher recession. The last threat is the shortage of skilled workers in the US. With skilled workers declining steadily in the US it is starting to effect manufacturing companies. Without skilled workers you have a higher turnover rate and longer training periods. This will boost up cost and will lose Herman Miller money in the long run. TOWS Analysis Strengths and Opportunities Herman Miller’s strength of an empowered good willed workforce could help them take advantage of the opportunity of the growing senior housing demand. With a workforce that is happy and willing to work they would have no problem taking on the extra hours and work needed to keep up with the added demand. Another strength that Herman Miller could use to take advantage of an opportunity is their production strategy would work well with the opportunity of a growing economy in Mexico. Using their production strategy and opening a new location in Mexico could help them benefit from the rapid growth of the Mexican economy. Strengths and Threats The strength of having empowered and good willed employees could help with the threat of declining skilled workers in the US. If the employees you get that are skilled are less likely to leave you company if they feel empowered and enjoy working there. This will lower your turnover rate and your demand for more skilled workers. Another strength that Herman Miller has is their management willing to take pay cuts. This could help during the threat of an economic downturn. During economic downturn most companies need to cut cost for the decrease in demand of their product having top executives take 10-20% pay cuts really helps the cost cutting process and, could be the difference between going under and staying afloat during a recession. Weaknesses and Opportunities A weakness for Herman Miller is operating in a high end market during a harsh economy. They could open up a new location in Mexico where the economy is booming to help balance the loss of demand in the United States. With a dollar going a lot further in Mexico than it does in the US having a plant there would be more beneficial than exporting their goods from the United States. Using the same weakness Herman Miller could break into the rise of senior housing demand. Even with the economy being in a recession there are still customers that want your product it’s just a matter of getting the contracts and, having the willingness to make a product that suits the customers’ needs and wants. Weaknesses and Threats Herman miller has some weaknesses and threats that a related the goal is to turn them into opportunities and strengths. Every company tries to do this and the successful companies are good at it. Herman Miller needs to use their strengths as a counter when they see a weakness or a threat arise. They have done a good job at it thus far and will continue to stay a profitable company in the future. How to cite Analysis Swot Tows and Financial Herman Miller, Essay examples

E DREJTE BIZNESI Essay Example For Students

E DREJTE BIZNESI Essay 1ORKIDA TOTOJANIMARREDHENIA JURIDIKE E DETYRIMITKuptimi i marrdhnies juridike t detyrimit. Elementet e marredhenies juridike te detyrimit. Llojet e detyrimeve. Permbushja ose ekzekutimi i detyrimeveMospermbushja e detyrimit2ORKIDA TOTOJANIKuptimi i marrdhnies juridike t detyrimitDetyrimi sht nj marrdhnie juridike me an t s cils nj person (debitori) detyrohet t jap dika, ose t kryej ose t mos kryej nj veprim t caktuar n dobi t nj personi tjetr ( kreditorit) dhe ky i fundit ka t drejt t krkoj ti jepet dika apo t kryhet ose t mos kryhet nj veprim i caktuar n favor t tijE drejta e kreditorit quhet kredi, ndrsa detyrimi i debitorit quhet debi ose borxh. 3ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimMarrdhnia juridike e detyrimit mund t ket nj prmbajtje ekonomike ose joekonomike. Kjo prcaktohet nga qllimi pr t cilin ato jan krijuar, apo nga interesi konkret q prfitojn palt q hyjn n kto marrdhniePavarsisht nse prmbajtja ekonomike e marrdhnies juridike t detyrimit sht e dukshme ose jo, e rndsishme sht q nga kjo marrdhnie palt duhet t realizojn patjetr nj interes t caktuar, qoft ky i fundit edhe jo ekonomik4ORKIDA TOTOJANIElementt e marrdhnies juridike t detyrimitSubjekti i nj marrdhnie juridike detyrimi. Subjektet n marrdhniet juridike t detyrimit quhen ndryshe edhe pal. Cdo marrdhnie ka t paktn dy pal. Si t till mund t marrin pjes, si personat fizik ashtu edhe personat juridik, qofshin kta shqiptar ose t huaj, si edhe vet shtetiN qoft se nj person sht me zotsi t plot pr t vepruar dhe hyn n nj marrdhnie detyrimi me nj person t pazot pr t vepruar, ather kjo marrdhnie do t quhet e pavlefshme sepse mungon njri prej elementve t saj. 5ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimPor duhet t kemi parasysh q palt nuk duhet t identifikohen me numrin e personave pjesmarrs n nj parrdhnie juridike detyrimi, sepse numri i personave mund t jet m i madh se sa dy. Palt n prgjithsi quhen debitor dhe kreditor, por n kontrata t veanta marrin emra specifik si pr shembull, tek kontrata e shitjes ata quhen shitsi dhe blersi, tek kontrata e siprmarrjes quhen siprmarrsi dhe porositsi,6ORKIDA TOTOJANIObjekti i nj marrdhnie juridike detyrimi. Objekti i nj marrdhnie detyrimi sht ai mbi t cilin ndrthuren t drejtat dhe detyrimet e palve dhe q prbn n fund t fundit shkakun dhe qllimin e lidhjes s nj kontrateObjekti para s gjithash mund t jet nj send i luajtshm ose i paluajtshm mjafton q mos jet i prjashtuar nga qarkullimi civilObjekt mund t jet gjithashtu edhe nj send i ardhshm, pra dika q nuk ekziston e materjalizuar n astin e lidhjes s kontrats por e cila do t krijohet m von, psh. nj vepr letrare, nj prodhim bujqsor a blegtoral, nj ndrtes etj7ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimObjekt mund t jet edhe nj shum t hollash me nj vler numerike t prcaktuar plotsisht n kontrat. Shuma do t shlyhet n vlern fikse n kontrat, pavarsisht nga vlera e monedhs n momentin kur do t realizohet shkmbimi apo pagesaObjekt mund t jen edhe veprimet ose mosveprimet, gjithashtu edhe produktet e krijimtaris intelektuale dhe t mirat personale jopasurore8ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimObjekti i nj marrdhnie juridike detyrimi, pavarsisht nga lloji i tij, q t jet marrdhnia e vle fshme duhet t plotsoj disa kushte:-t jet i prcaktuar ose i prcaktueshm t jet i ligjshm t jet i vlefshm, dhe t jet i mundshm pr tu realizuar9ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimPrmbajtja e marrdhnies juridike t detyrimitMe prmbajtje t nj marrdhnie juridike detyrimi do t kuptojm trsin e t drejtave dhe t detyrimeve juridike civile q kane palt pjesmarrse n kt marrdhnie t caktuar s pari, t mos vij n kundrshtim me ligjin. Kjo nuk do t thot q detyrimi duhet t jet parashikuar shprehimisht n ligj, por mjafton t mos vij n kundrshtim me parimet kryesore t s drejts s dyti, prmbajtja duhet t mos vij n kundrshtim me politikn e prgjithshme shtetrore dhe me parimet shtetrore10ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdim s treti, t mos jet n kundrshtim me interesat e shtetasves katrti, t jet e mundshme pr tu realizuar qoft fizikisht dhe materjalisht, qoft juridikisht. Mungesa qoft edhe e njrit nga kto katr kushte e bn marrdhnien e detyrimit t pavlefshme. 11ORKIDA TOTOJANILlojet e detyrimeve. Ne marredheniet juridike te detyrimit debitori mund te kete si detyrim vetem kryerjen e nje pune ose sherbimi ose dorezimin e nje sendi apo shume te hollash. Ne keto raste themi se detyrimi eshte i thjeshtePor debitori mund te kete si detyrim kryeen e me shume se nje pune, veprimi ose sherbimi. Ne kete rast themi se detyrimi eshte i perzier12ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimDetyrimet e thjeshta mund te jene detyrime konkrete ose individualedetyrime gjenerikeDetyrimet e perziera mund te jenedetyrime kumullativedetyrime alternative13ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimDuke patur parasysh si kriter numrin e subjekteve qe marrin pjese ne nje marredhenie juridike detyrimi kemi:detyrime me dy persona dhedetyrime me shume personaDetyrimet me shume persona nga ana e tyre jane tre llojesh:detyrime solidaredetyrime te pjestueshmedetyrime te papjestueshme14ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimDetyrimet konkrete dhe gjenerikeKjo ndarje behet duke marre si kriter faktin nese objekt i detyrimit jane sende individualisht te percaktuara a po sende te percaktuara ne gjini. Detyrim konkret kemi kur permbajtja e tij eshte percaktuar me elementet e sendit qe e dallojne ate nga sendet e tjeraNdersa detyrim gjenerik kemi atehere kur permbajtja e ketij detyrimi eshte e percaktuar me ane te elementeve qe karakterizojne nje grup sendesh te te njejtit lloj ku detyrimi ben pjese. I tille eshte per shembull, nje detyrim ne te holla15ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimDetyrimet me shume personaDetyrimet me dy persona jane ato detyrime ne te cilat marrin pjese dy pale me nga nje debitor dhe nje kreditor secila ne perberje te tyreMund te ndodhe qe ne nje marredhenie juridike detyrimi te kete shume persona ne perberje te pales debitore ose ne perberje te pales kreditore, ose ne perberje te te dyja paleve se bashkuNe te tilla raste themi se ndodhemi para detyrimeve me shume persona16ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimDetyrimet solidareDetyrimi eshte solidar kur kreditori ose secili nga kreditoret ka te drejte te kerkoje egzekutimin e te njejtit detyrim teresisht ose pjeserisht si nga debitoret se bashku, ashtu edhe nga secili prej tyre ve e veNe detyrimet solidare kreditori ka te drejte ti drejtohet sipas deshires se tij, nje a me shume debitoreve ose te gjitheve se bashku per gjithe shumen e detyrimit, ose secilit prej tyre per nje pjese te saj17ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimDetyrime te pjestueshmePerkufizimi i ketij lloj detyrimi jepet nga Kodi Civil ne nenin 442: kur shume debitore ose kreditore marrin pjese ne te njejtin detyrim dhe ky eshte i pjestueshem, secili debitor eshte i detyruar te egzekutoje dhe secili kreditor ka te drejte te kerkoje nje pjese te barabarte te detyrimit, perve kur ne kontrate ose ne ligj eshte parashikuar ndrysheKarakteristike kryesore e ketyre lloj detyrimeve eshte se objekti i tyre eshte i pjestueshem. Ai mund te jete nje detyrim ne te holla ose monetar, mund te jete nje send ne gjini, por mund te jete edhe nje send individualisht i percaktuar, pjestimi i te cilit eshte plotesisht i mundshem nga pikpamja fizike dhe nuk e prish egzistencen e sendi t te pare sepse do pjese pas ndarjes mund te qendroje si nje send me vete18ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimNe detyrimin e pjestueshem donjeri kreditor ka te drejte te kerkoje vetem pjesen qe i takon dhe cdo debitor eshte i detyruar te permbushe detyrimin ne pjesen qe i takonZakonisht pjeset ne keto lloj detyrimesh jane te barabarta. Tipik eshte rasti i marredhenieve te detyrimit qe rrjedhin nga marredheniet e trashegimise, ku trashegimtaret pergjigjen ne menyre te barabarte per detyrimet e trashegimlenesve te tyre, ne qofte se testamenti nuk i parashikon pjeset te ndryshme19ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimDetyrimet e papjestueshme. Detyrimet e papjestueshme jane nja nga llojet e detyrimeve me shume persona. Nje detyrim i tille ka keto karakteristika:ne te marrin pjese shume debitore ose shume kreditoreobjekt i detyrimit eshte nje send, nje e drejte apo nje veprim i papjestueshem. Objekt i ketyre detyrimeve zakonisht jane sendet20ORKIDA TOTOJANIPermbushja ose ekzekutimi i detyrimeveMe permbushje te detyrimeve do te kuptojme kryerjen e atij veprimi apo sherbimi apo dorezimin e atij sendi qe permban objektin e nje marredhenie juridike detyrimi. Detyrimi duhet te permbushet sipas permbajtjes se tij ne vendin, menyren apo afatin e caktuar, si dhe ne pershtatje me kerkesat e ligjit dhe te kontrates. Kur nje person detyrohet te dorezoje nje send, ai detyrohet te ruaje e te kujdeset per te deri ne mometin e dorezimit. Kjo sanksionohet ne nenin 456 te Kodit Civil. Kur objekti i deyrimit eshte dorezimi i sendit te percaktuar ne gjini, debitori duhet te dorezoje sendin me cilesi jo me te dobet se ajo mesatare.(neni 457 i Kodit Civil.)21ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimPermbushja duhet ti referohet te gjithe kushteve te kontrates duke filluar me karakteristikat e objektit, me sasine, cilesine, vleren e tij, me menyren e dorezimit, te pagimit, vendin e ekzekutimit, afatin e te tjera qe do ti trajtojme ne vazhdim. Objekti. Debitori detyrohet te permbushe detyrimin ne pajtim me permbajtjen e tij, domethene detyrohet te kryeje ate veprim apo sherbim qe parashikohet ne mardhenien juridike te detyrimit. 22ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimDebitori detyrohet te permbushe detyrimin ne pajtim me permbajtjen e tij, domethene detyrohet te kryeje ate veprim apo sherbim qe parashikohet ne mardhenien juridike te detyrimit. Zevendesimi i permbajtjes se detyrimit nuk duhet te ngaterrohet me dhenien me qellim perbushje. Per shembull, nje debitor qe i ka marre nje shume hua B-se, ne vend te saj i jep huadhenesit te tij nje biiklete qe ta shese dhe te nxjerre shumen e huase. Ne kete rast kur nje send jepet me qellim permbushjeje, detyrimi nuk shuhet ne momentin e dorezimit te sendit, por vetem pasi ai eshte shitur dhe shuma e nxjerre nga shitja ka zevendesuar huane e marre. 23ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimDetyrimi ne te holla. Pjesa me e madhe e detyrimeve ku hyjne palet ne qarkullimin civil jane detyrime ne te hollaKodi Civil percakton edhe menyren e pagimit apo te shlyerjes te ndonje shume parash. Sipas nenit 445: Detyrimi per te paguar nje shume parash shlyhet me vleften e tij nominale, perve kur rezulton ndryshe nga ligji ose nga kontrata. Nje nga elementet e treguesit me te rendesishem te nje detyrimi ne te holla eshte edhe monedha e parashikuar nga palet. Detyrimi monetar kryhet me monedhen qe eshte ne qarkullim ne shtetin ku behet pagesa, ne qofte se nuk parashikohet ndryshe ne kontrate. 24ORKIDA TOTOJANIdo detyrim monetar duhet te shlyhet jo vetem ne monedhen e caktuar nga palet, jo vetem ne vendin e caktuar nga palet ose nga ligji, por edhe ne afatin e percaktuar. Ne rast vonese te pagimit te shumes, debitori duhet te paguaje shperblimin e demit te shkaktuar nga kjo vonese. Demi ne keto raste perbehet nga: kamatat e arrira, te llogaritura ne monedhen zyrtare te vendit ku behet pagimi qe nga data e fillimit te voneses se debitorit. Perqindja e kamates percaktohet me ligj ose me kontrateKur pagesa ne pagimine nje detyrimi monetar eshte me e madhe se nje vit, atehere ne mbarim te do viti kamatat e arrira i shtohen shumes se detyruar ne baze te kontrates. 25ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimVendi i permbushjes se detyrimit. do detyrim duhet te permbushet ne vendin e caktuar nga palet ne kontrate. Sipas nenit 448 te Kodit Civil, kreditori mund te caktoje edhe nje vend tjeter te ndryshem nga venbanimi i tij, por gjithnje brenda kufijve te shtetit ku ai banon ne astin e pagimit te detyrimit ose ne astin e lindjes se tij. Zakonisht vendi i pagimit te shumes se detyruar caktohet ne marreveshjen e paleve. 26ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimAfati i permbushjes se detyrimit. Afat i permbushjes se detyrimit eshte asti ose momenti i caktuar ne kohe kur duhet te behet permbushja e detyrimit. Zakonisht afati percaktohet duke u treguar nje date e caktuar kalendarikeAfati mund te caktohet edhe duke treguar nje periudhe kohore me kalimin e se ciles duhet te permbushet detyrimi, per shembull. Brenda tre muajve nga asti i lidhjes se kontrates. Nje menyre tjeter e caktimit te nje afati eshte percaktimi ne kontrate i nje ngjarje natyrore ose i nje feste kalendarike qe dihet me siguri qe do te ndodhe. Per shembull, kur te bjere bora e pare , ne prag te Krishtlindjeve etj27ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimNe marredheniet juridike te detyrimit afati i permbushjes se detyrimit mund te caktohet qe ne fillim. Ne kete rast themi se detyrimi eshte me afat. Mund te ndodhe qe afati i permbushjes se detyrimit te mos jete caktuar ose permbushja te jete lene ne kerkesen e kreditorit. Ne kete rast themi se detyrimi eshte pa afat. Neni 463 i Kodit Civil pranon se ne raste te tilla kreditori ka te drejte te kerkoje permbushjen e detyrimit ne do kohe dhe debitori eshte i detyruar ta ekzekutoje detyrimin brenda 15 diteve nga kryerja e kerkeses se kreditorit. 28ORKIDA TOTOJANIMenyra e permbushjes se detyrimit. Kur flasim per menyre te permbushjes se detyrimit do te kemi parasysh sasine, cilesine e objektit si dhe menyren e dorezimit e dorezimit te tij. Persa i perket cilesise objekti i detyrimit duhet ti pergjigjet asaj cilesie qe palet kane percaktuar ne kontrate. Moral maturity Essay50ORKIDA TOTOJANINj nga kushtet m t rndsishme t kontrats s shitjes sht edhe mimi. Palt duhet t merren vesh shprehimisht pr mimin e objektit t kontrats. Ai duhet t plotsoj disa kushte: Duhet t jet i shprehur n t holla, sepse n t kundrt nuk do t ishim para nj kontrate shitje, por para nj kontrate shkmbimi. Si prjashtim mimi mund t jet i shprehur pjesrisht n t holla dhe pjesrisht n natyr. N kt rast do t jemi prpara kontrats s shitjes, ather kur vlera e shprehur n t holla do t jet m e madhe se vlera e sendit. Duhet t jet i dreje. N literaturn juridike, nj mim duhet t konsiderohet i drejt n qoft se sht t paktn sa nj e dyta e vlers s sendit t shitur, ose maksimumi sa dyfishi i vlers s tij. N t kundrt n qoft se sht jasht ktyre kufijve, ather shitja do t jet e pavlefshme. Duhet t jet real. Nj mim do t konsiderohet real, ather kur i prgjigjet vlers reale t sendit, cilsive t tij dhe qllimit pr t cilin sht krijuar. Duhet t jet i prcaktuar ose i prcaktueshm. mimi sht i prcaktueshem, ather kur palt e kan lidhur prcaktimin e tij me ndonj kusht ose me kalimin e nj afati t caktuar. 51ORKIDA TOTOJANIDetyrimet e palve n kontratn e shitjes. Detyrimet e shitsit jan:Ti kaloj blersit t drejtn e pronsisTi dorzoj blersit objektin e kontratsT garantoj blersin pr gzimin e qet t sendit, t lir nga do e drejt tjetr pronsie e personave t tjer mbi tT garantoj blersin pr cilsin e sendit dhe mungesn e t metave t tij52ORKIDA TOTOJANIDetyrimet e blersitDetyrimi pr t marr n dorzim sendin. Detyrimi pr pagimin e mimit t shitjes. 53ORKIDA TOTOJANIMomenti i kalimit t s drejts s pronsis. Pasoja m e rndsishme juridike e kontrats s shitjes sht kalimi i s drejts s pronsis nga shitsi tek blersi. Ky moment ka rndsi t madhe, sepse q nga ky ast shitsi pushon s qni pronar, ndrsa blersi si pronar i ri i lind e drejta ta krkoj sendin nga kushdo qoft. Ve ksaj rreziku i humbjes ose dmtimit rastsisht t sendit pa fajin e ndonjrs nga palt, q nga ky moment rndon mbi blersin. 54ORKIDA TOTOJANILidhur me astin e kalimit t s drejts s pronsis nga shitsi tek blersi, legjislacionet e ndryshme njohin dy sisteme:Sistemi i astit t dorzimit t sendit. Sistemi i astit t lidhjes s kontrats. Sipas Kodit Civil shqiptar, asti i kalimit t s drejts s pronsis sht asti i lidhjes s kontrats. Si prjashtim, vetm pr sendet q maten, peshohen ose numrohen, ( pra pr sendet e prcaktuara n gjini ), pronsia kalon n astin e dorzimit t tyre. Ndrsa pr sendet e paluajtshme, kontratat e t cilave duhet t bhen me akt noterial dhe t rregjistrohen, pronsia kalon n astin e lidhjes s kontrats. 55ORKIDA TOTOJANILlojet e kontratave t shitjes. Llojet kryesore t kontratave t shitjes t parashikuara nga legjislacioni yn dhe nga legjislacione t tjera jan:-shitja me mostr,-shitja me prov,-shitja me t drejt parablerje etj. Kodi Civil rregullon shprehimisht dy lloje shitjesh:shitjen me rezerv t prons,shitjen e pasurive t paluajtshme. 56ORKIDA TOTOJANIN qoft se palt parashikojn q mimi i shitjes do t paguhet me kste dhe blersi i fiton pronsin me pagimin e kstit t fundit pavarsisht se atij i sht br dorzimi i sendit, themi se kemi t bjm me shitjen me rezerv pronsie. Shitja me rezerv pronsie duhet t parashikohet shprehimisht n kontrat. Shitja e sendeve t paluajtshme sht formale, domethn ajo duhet t bhet me akt noterial dhe t rregjistrohet, prndryshe sht e pavlefshme. 57ORKIDA TOTOJANIKONTRATA E QIRASEKuptimi dhe veorit e kontrats s qirasElementt e kontrats s qirasLidhja dhe ndryshimi i kontrates se qirase me kontratat e tjeraLlojet e kontratave t qiras. 58ORKIDA TOTOJANIKuptimi dhe veorit e kontrats s qiras. Qiraja sht kontrata me t ciln njra pal ( qiradhnsi ) detyrohet ti jap pals tjetr ( qiramarrsit ) nj send t caktuar n gzim t prkohshm kundrejt nj shprblimi t caktuar. Duke marr n analiz prkufizimin e msiprm dalin n pah edhe veorit e kontrats s qiras. Ato jan si m posht:Afati sipas nenit 803 t Kodit Civil, kontrata nuk mund t lidhet pr nj periudh m t gjat se 30 vjet, prve rasteve kur n ligj sht prcaktuar ndryshe. Pr shembull, qiraja e toks e ka kufirin maksimal t afatit 99 vjet, qiraja e ndrtesave t destinuara pr banim e ka 5 vjet, etj. 59ORKIDA TOTOJANIN kontratn e qiras sendi jepet n gzim t prkohshm, domethn se qiramarrsi e prdor sendin sipas destinacionit t caktuar n kontrat ose sipas mnyrs s tij dhe pas mbarimit t afatit kontraktor duhet tia kthej prsri sendin qiradhnsit. Ky i fundit mbetet pronar i sendit gjat gjith kohs s vazhdimsis s kontrats dhe pas saj. Qiradhnsi nuk zhvishet asnjher nga e drejta e tij e pronsis. Objekt i kontrats s qiras mund t jen vetm sendet, qofshin kto t luajtshme ose t paluajtshme. Kusht kryesor pr objektin sht q sendi t jet nj send individualisht i prcaktuar dhe n t njjtn koh i pakonsumueshm60ORKIDA TOTOJANIKarakteristik tjetr e ksaj kontrate sht edhe preferenca. Me preferenc do t kuptojm t drejtn e qiramarrsit, q n fund t kontrats s qiras n qoft se kontrata do t rinovohet nga ana e qiradhnsit, ather qiramarrsi sht i preferuar pr t mbetur i till n raport me pretendentt e tjer pr qiramarrs edhe pr nj afat t ri. Kt t drejt ai mund ta ushtroj vetm n qoft se ka qen i prpikt dhe korrekt n prmbushjen e detyrimeve q kan rrjedhur nga kontrata e qiras. Prtritja sht nj veori tjetr e qiras. Nj kontrat qiraje do t quhet e prtritur kur megjithse ka mbaruar afati qiramarrsi vazhdon ta mbaj n prdorim sendin dhe qiradhnsi nuk paraqet ndonj kundrshtim pr kt gj. N kto raste kontrata do t riprtrihet edhe pr nj afat t ri me po ato kushte si e mparshmja. 61ORKIDA TOTOJANIPrsa i prket forms, n nenin 803, sanksionohet se kontrata e qiras q lidhet me afat mbi nj vit duhet t bhet me shkres. Ndrsa kontrata e qiras me afat m t shkurtr se nj vit mund t bhet edhe me goj dhe si rrjedhim ajo mund t vrtetohet me dshmitar. Kontrata e qiras me objekt sende t paluajtshme duhet t rregjistrohet pr efekt vlefshmrie. Ky rregjistrim sht i detyrueshm ather kur afati i kontrats s qiras sht 9 vjet. Pr kto lloj kontratash q jan me afat m t shkurtr se 9 vjet jan t vlefshme edhe sikur t mos rregjistrohen me kusht q t jen t lidhura n form shkresore. Kur objekt i qiras jan sende t paluajtshme me karakter bujqsor kontrata e qiras me afat mbi 9 vjet duhet t bhet me akt noterial dhe t rregjistrohet, sepse n t kundrt sht e pavlefshme. 62ORKIDA TOTOJANIQiraja sht nj kontrat me shprblim. Qiraja zakonisht sht e shprehur n t holla, por ka raste q mund t shprehet n natyr. Pr shembull, tek kontrata e qiras s tokave bujqsore m shpesh palt e parashikojn vlern e qiras n produkte bujqsore. Kodi Civil rregullon edhe kontratn e nnqiras. Sipas ktij rregulli qiramarrsi mund t lidh kontrata nnqiraje me nj person t tret, por gjithmon kur palt n kontratn e qiras nuk kan parashikuar ndonj marrveshje t kundrt ose ndonj ndalim pr kt gj. Qiramarrsi mund tia kaloj kontratn e qiras nj personi tjetr vetm me plqimin e qiradhnsit. Pr sa i prket astit t mbarimit n qoft se kontrata sht lidhur me afat ather qiraja mbaron me skadimin e ktij afati, pa qen e nevojshme shpallja e ktij mbarimi n ndonj form t caktuar. Kur kontrata sht lidhur pa afat t caktuar, ather do t konsiderohet se mbaron q nga asti q njra pal njofton tjetrn kur ato e kan parashikuar nj gj t till, n t kundrt do t quhet q afati sht maksimali i parashikuar nga ligji pr at lloj kontrate qiraje. 63ORKIDA TOTOJANIElementt e kontrats s qiras. Objekt i kontrats mund t jen si sendet e luajtshme edhe ato t paluajtshme me kusht q t jen t pakonsumueshm dhe individualisht t prcaktuar sepse do t kthehet i njjti send. N qoft se objekt i kontrats do t ishin sende n gjini, ather do t gjendeshim para kontrats s huas n t ciln huamarrsi detyrohet t kthej jo sendet q ka marr, por sende t tjera t t njjtit lloj, n t njjtn sasi dhe cilsi. Objekt mund t jen edhe sende q nuk mund t shiten apo t tjetrsohen, sepse tek qiraja nuk krkohet kalimi i pronsis. Subjektet e kontrats s qiras quhen qiradhnsi dhe qiramarrsi. Qiradhns mund t jet do person fizik ose juridik. Si rregull qiradhnsi sht pronar i sendit, por ky nuk sht kusht thelbsor dhe i domosdoshm. Si rrjedhim si qiradhns mund t paraqitet edhe nj person q nuk sht pronar i sendit, mjafton q t ket t drejt q t jap sendin me qira. Pr shembull ktu futen prindrit dhe kujdestart pr pasurit e personave q kan n kujdestari ose prfaqsuesit, ndrmjetsit, kur kt t drejt e gzojn n baz t kontrats ose t ligjit. Po ashtu kan t drejt t japin me qira sende edhe punonjsit shtetror t cilve u njihet e drejta t lidhin kontrata qiraje me objekt pasurit q kan n administrim si rezultat i kompetencave t tyre dhe i funksioneve q ata kryejn. 64ORKIDA TOTOJANIT drejtat dhe detyrimet e palve n kontratn e qiras. Detyrimet e qiradhnsit jan:Qiradhnsi sht i detyruar q ti dorzoj qiramarrsit sendin n kohn e caktuar n kontrat dhe n at gjendje q i prgjigjet qllimit pr t cilin sht dhn me qira. Dorzimi i sendit duhet t bhet n afatin e caktuar n kontrat. N qoft se n kontrat nuk sht prcaktuar shprehimisht asti i dorzimit t sendit, ather dorzimi do t bhet menjher me lidhjen e kontrats. Qiradhnsi ka si detyrim ta mbaj sendin n po at gjndje si e ka dhn n astin e dorzimit t tij. Gjat vazhdimit t qiras qiradhnsi sht i detyruar t kryej t gjitha ndreqjet q jan thelbsore, t domosdoshme dhe t nevojshme pr ta mbajtur sendin n po at gjndje q i prgjigjet qllimit t dhnies me qira. 65ORKIDA TOTOJANIQiradhnsi duhet t garantoj qiramarrsin pr mungesn e t metave t sendit. Qiradhnsi ashtu si edhe tek kontrata e shitjes, detyrohet ta garantoj qiramarrsin jo vetm pr mungesn e t metave t sendit, por edhe pr gzimin e qet t tij. T drejtat dhe detyrimet e qiramarrsit. Qiramarrsi detyrohet t marr dijeni pr sendin dhe ta prdor at sipas destinacionit q del nga kontrata ose nga qllimi i palve. Qiramarrsi duhet ta kthej sendin sendin n gjndjen q sht marr. Zakonisht kontrata e qiras duhet t prmbaj prshkrimin e hollsishm t karakteristikave t sendit si dhe t kufijve t tij kur ai sht i paluajtshm. Detyrimi m i dukshm pr qiramarrsin sht pagimi i mimit t qiras. Ky detyrim duhet t prmbushet n afatet e caktuara n kontrat. 66ORKIDA TOTOJANILidhja dhe ndryshimi i kontrates se qirase me kontratat e tjeraKontrata e qirase ngjan shume me huaperdorjen, sepse tek te dyja keto kontrata njera pale i jep tjetres nje send ne perdorim me qellim qe ta ktheje perseri. Ndryshimi midis tyre qendron ne faktin se qiraja eshte nje kontrate me shperblim, ndersa huaperdorja eshte nje kontrate qe lidhet gjithmone pa shperblim. Qiraja ngjan me depoziten, sepse tek te dyja lihet nje send perkohesisht ne duart e tjetres, per ta rikthyer perseri. Ndryshimi qendron ne faktin se depozita lidhet me qellim ruajtjen e sendit dhe vetem si rast perjashtimor perdorimin e tij. Tek qiraja sendi jepet ne perdorim me qellim qe te shfrytezohet dhe te gezohet dhe ruajtja apo kujdesi per sendin eshte nje detyrim dytesor gjithmone ne funksion te perdorimit. Kontrata e qirase dallon nga shitja, sepse tek kontrata e shitjes kalon e drejta e pronesise nga shitesi tek bleresi, ndersa tek qiraja vetem nendoresia dhe gezimi i sendit. 67ORKIDA TOTOJANILlojet e kontratave t qiras. Qiraja me objekt pasurit e paluajtshme me natyr bujqsore. Objekt i ksaj kontrate jan sendet e paluajtshme bujqsore si pr shembull, toka bujqsore, kullotat, livadhet, pyjet, ndrtesat e banimit si dhe ndrtesat ndihmse q jan n funksion t nj veprimtarie bujqsore. Pjes e kontrats s qiras duhet t jet edhe inventari i hollsishm n t cilin prshkruhen kufijt dhe karakteristikat e pasuris s paluajtshme si dhe inventari i plot i sendeve t tjera t luajtshme t lidhura me t. N munges t nj inventari do t konsiderohet se prona sht marr n rregull. Prsa i prket forms, sht nj kontrat formale q duhet t lidhet me akt noterial dhe t rregjstrohet n regjistrat publik, kur lidhet pr nj afat mbi 9 vjet, sepse n t kundrt kontrata do t quhet e pavlefshme68ORKIDA TOTOJANINj kusht mjaft i rndsishm i ksaj kontrate sht edhe mimi, i cili mund t jet i shprehur si n t holla ashtu edhe n natyr. Kur mimi sht shprehur n produkte bujqsore, kto do t dorzohen pasi t jen mbjell t korrat. Po ashtu mimi duhet t paguhet sipas afateve t caktuara n kontrat. N munges t afatit, kur mimi sht i shprehur n t holla, ai do t paguhet n fund t do viti kalendarik. 69ORKIDA TOTOJANIKarakteristik pr kt kontrat sht e ashtuquajtura e drejt e kultivimit, e cila nnkupton t drejtn e njrs nga palt kontraktuese q t vendos se far produkti do t kultivohet n tokn objekt qiraje nga nj periudh n nj tjetr. E drejta e kultivimit duhet t rregullohet me marrveshje t palve. N qoft se ato nuk jan marr vesh shprehimisht n kontrat, ather kemi dy raste:kur mimi i qiras sht shprehur trsisht ose kryesisht n produkte bujqsore t kultivuara n tokn objekt qiraje, ather e drejta e kultivimit i takon qiradhnsit. Kur mimi i qiras sht shprehur trsisht ose pjesrisht n t holla, e drejta e kultivimit i takon qiramarrsit. 70ORKIDA TOTOJANIKontrata e qirase financiareKodi Civil ne dispozitat mbi kontraten e qirase rregullon per here te pare edhe kontraten e qirase financiare ose kontraten leasing. Me ane te kesaj kontrate njera pale detyrohet te vere ne dispozicion te pales tjeter per nje kohe te caktuar nje send te luajtshem ose te paluajtshem kundrejt nje pagese me afate periodike qe percaktohet ne varesi te vleres se sendit, te kohezgjatjes se kontrates si dhe te ndonje elementi tjeter te caktuar ne marreveshje te paleve. Sendi duhet te jete fituar ose te jete ndertuar nga qiradhenesi me ane te pershkrimit te qiramarresit ose sipas deshires se tijNdonese qellimi i qirase financiare, si per do kontrate qiraje eshte perdorimi i nje sendi te caktuar te luajshem ose te paluajtshem, ne ndryshim nga kontrata tradicionale e qirase, tek kontrata e qirase financiare rezultati perfundimtar i marreveshjes se paleve eshte e drejta e qiramarresit per tu bere pronar i sendit71ORKIDA TOTOJANI